# Goodyear Rubber > Contact: abuse@bigrigmedia.com ### Posts #### ¡Feliz Pascua! Wishing everyone a very happy Easter! May this special day bring joy, happiness, and blessings to all! #### 5S URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/5s/ #### 8 P's of Lean The 8 P's of Lean refer to a framework used in lean manufacturing and business processes. They are: Purpose: A clear and concise statement of the objective of the process or activity. This helps to keep the focus on the goal and align all efforts towards achieving it. Process: A well-defined and structured approach to achieving the purpose. This includes the steps, inputs, outputs, and controls required to produce the desired outcome. People: The individuals involved in the process or activity, including their skills, knowledge, and attitudes. People are critical to the success of any lean initiative, and they must be properly trained, motivated, and empowered to make the necessary improvements. Partners: The external stakeholders who are involved in the process or activity, including suppliers, customers, and other third parties. Collaborating with partners is essential to creating a seamless value stream that meets customer needs. Products/Services: The goods or services produced by the process or activity. These must meet the needs and expectations of the customer while minimizing waste and maximizing value. Place: The physical environment where the process or activity takes place. This includes the layout, equipment, and facilities used to support the work. Promotion: The communication and marketing efforts used to promote the products or services produced by the process or activity. Effective promotion is essential to creating demand and driving sales. Performance: The measurement and analysis of key performance indicators (KPIs) to monitor and improve the effectiveness of the process or activity. Performance metrics help identify areas for improvement and track progress towards achieving the purpose. #### A3 Lean Tools A3 is a problem-solving tool and methodology that is part of the Lean management approach. It gets its name from the paper size, which is commonly used for the document or report that summarizes the problem-solving process. The A3 process involves creating a visual representation of the problem and potential solutions on a single sheet of paper, with the aim of fostering communication, collaboration, and consensus among team members. The A3 report typically includes the following components: Background information: This section describes the context and background of the problem, including the affected processes, systems, and stakeholders. Current condition: This section provides a clear understanding of the current state of the problem, including data, observations, and facts that describe the issue. Root cause analysis: This section identifies the underlying causes of the problem using tools like the 5 Whys or Fishbone Diagrams. Countermeasures: This section outlines potential solutions to the problem based on the root cause analysis. The solutions should be feasible, sustainable, and align with the organization's goals. Implementation plan: This section describes the steps required to implement the selected solutions, including timelines, responsibilities, and resources. Follow-up: This section outlines the metrics to track and measure the effectiveness of the implemented solution, including a plan to address any deviations from the expected outcomes. Overall, the A3 tool is an effective way to promote continuous improvement, problem-solving, and collaboration within an organization. It is particularly useful for complex problems that require input from multiple stakeholders and perspectives. #### Andon Andon is a visual management tool used in the Toyota Production System (TPS) and other lean manufacturing systems to indicate the status of a production line or work process. The word "andon" comes from the Japanese word for "lamp," which was originally used to signal problems in the production line. Andon systems typically consist of a board or display that shows the status of the production line or work process, and a signal or alert system that indicates when there is a problem. The signal can take various forms, such as flashing lights, audible alarms, or other visual cues, depending on the nature of the problem and the needs of the production line. When an operator or worker detects a problem, they can activate the andon system to signal for help or support from their team leader or supervisor. This can help to quickly identify and resolve problems before they cause significant disruptions or delays in the production process. Andon systems are an important part of the lean manufacturing approach, as they help to create a culture of continuous improvement by encouraging workers to identify and address problems in real-time. By doing so, the overall quality and efficiency of the production line can be improved, resulting in better products, happier customers, and a more profitable business. #### ANOVA Analysis of Variance ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method used to test for significant differences between two or more groups or variables. It is often used in research studies to analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on a dependent variable. In an ANOVA study, the researcher first identifies the independent variables that are likely to affect the dependent variable. Then, the subjects are divided into different groups based on the levels of these independent variables. The dependent variable is then measured for each subject in each group. Next, ANOVA is used to analyze the variance between the groups and the variance within the groups. If the variance between the groups is larger than the variance within the groups, it suggests that the independent variables have a significant effect on the dependent variable. In this case, the researcher can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups. There are different types of ANOVA, including one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA, among others. The choice of ANOVA type depends on the research question and the nature of the data. Overall, ANOVA is a powerful statistical method that can help researchers determine whether there are significant differences between groups or variables. It is widely used in various fields, including social sciences, biology, and engineering. #### Arrhenius Relation The Arrhenius equation is a mathematical relationship that describes the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions. It was first proposed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1889. The equation is given by: where k is the rate constant of the reaction, A is the pre-exponential factor (or frequency factor), Ea is the activation energy of the reaction, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The Arrhenius equation shows that the rate of a chemical reaction increases as the temperature increases. This is because at higher temperatures, the reactant molecules have more kinetic energy, which increases the frequency of their collisions and the likelihood of successful collisions leading to product formation. The pre-exponential factor A represents the frequency of collisions between reactant molecules, and is independent of temperature. The activation energy Ea represents the minimum energy required for a successful collision between reactant molecules to lead to product formation, and is a measure of the reaction's barrier to progress. The Arrhenius equation has important applications in fields such as chemical kinetics, industrial chemistry, and materials science. It can be used to predict the rate of chemical reactions at different temperatures, optimize reaction conditions for industrial processes, and understand the temperature dependence of material properties such as diffusion coefficients, viscosity, and conductivity. #### ASTM D2000 Material Designation (Type & Class) ASTM D2000 is a widely used standard specification that defines the requirements for rubber products in terms of their physical and chemical properties. The specification includes a system of type and class designations that help to identify the properties of rubber materials and their intended applications.   The ASTM D2000 type designation consists of two letters that identify the basic polymer type, such as "AA" for ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber or "BA" for nitrile (NBR) rubber. The type designation also includes a suffix that indicates the heat resistance rating of the material, such as "AA610" for EPDM rubber with a heat resistance of 150°C (302°F). The class designation consists of one or more digits that define the material's properties in terms of its tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and other physical and chemical characteristics. For example, the class designation "1AA" indicates a low-hardness EPDM rubber material with a minimum tensile strength of 1 MPa and a minimum elongation of 100%. In addition to the type and class designations, the ASTM D2000 specification also includes a system of grade letters that further define the material's properties and performance requirements. The grade letters range from "AA" to "EH" and are based on the material's resistance to heat, oil, and other environmental factors. Overall, the type and class designations of ASTM D2000 provide a standardized way to specify and select rubber materials based on their properties and intended applications. By understanding these designations, designers and manufacturers can ensure that they are using the right material for their specific needs. #### Autonomation Vs Automation Automation and autonomation are two related but distinct concepts in the field of manufacturing and production. Automation refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks that were previously done by human workers. This can include robotic arms on an assembly line, automated conveyor belts, and computer programs that control machines. The goal of automation is to increase efficiency and productivity while reducing labor costs and errors. On the other hand, autonomation (also known as "jidoka" in Japanese) refers to a specific type of automation that involves building intelligence into the production process to detect and prevent defects or errors. Autonomation systems use sensors, cameras, and other technology to monitor the production line and automatically stop the process if a problem is detected. This helps to ensure that only high-quality products are produced and prevents defects from being passed down the line. In summary, automation is the use of technology to perform tasks that were previously done by humans, while autonomation is a specific type of automation that involves building intelligence into the production process to prevent defects and improve quality. #### Banbury Internal Rubber Mixer A Banbury mixer is a type of internal mixer used in the rubber industry for mixing and kneading rubber compounds. It was invented by Fernley H. Banbury in 1916. The Banbury mixer consists of two large rollers that rotate in opposite directions and a chamber between them where the rubber material is mixed. The rubber material is fed into the chamber through a hopper, and then the rollers begin to mix and knead the material, which breaks down any large rubber chunks and distributes the ingredients evenly throughout the mixture. The mixer can be controlled to vary the mixing speed and temperature to achieve the desired consistency and properties of the rubber compound. Once the mixing process is complete, the material is extruded out of the machine and can be further processed to make various rubber products. Mixing rubber with various compounding ingredients involves: (i) feeding the ingredients to the mixer in the correct amounts, at the correct times and at the correct temperatures; (ii) the actual mixing of the ingredients; and (iii) the discharge of the mixed compound from the mixer, and its shaping, cooling and packaging for the next process. Mixing is usually done in an internal mixer, although in some situations some of the mixing may be done in a twin-roll mill, or possibly even an extruder. #### Best Elastomer for Abrasion Resistance The best abrasion resistant elastomer depends on the specific application and the conditions under which it will be used. Here are some commonly used abrasion-resistant elastomers and their properties: Nitrile rubber (NBR): NBR is a synthetic rubber that is commonly used in industrial applications due to its high resistance to abrasion, oil, and chemicals. It has good tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to heat and aging. Chloroprene rubber (CR): CR, also known as neoprene, is a synthetic rubber that is known for its excellent resistance to abrasion, weathering, and ozone. It has good mechanical properties and is resistant to heat, oil, and chemicals. Polyurethane (PU): PU is a synthetic elastomer that has excellent abrasion resistance and high tensile strength. It is used in applications where high wear resistance and toughness are required, such as conveyor belts, wheels, and seals. Fluoroelastomers (FKM): FKM is a family of synthetic elastomers that have excellent resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, and oils. They also have good abrasion resistance, making them suitable for use in harsh environments. Silicone rubber (VMQ): VMQ is a synthetic elastomer that has excellent resistance to high temperatures, ozone, and weathering. While it is not as abrasion-resistant as some of the other elastomers listed above, it is still used in applications where high-temperature resistance is required. It is important to consult with a materials expert to determine the best abrasion-resistant elastomer for your specific application. Factors such as temperature, pressure, and the type of abrasive material involved can all affect the performance of the elastomer. #### Butyl Rubber - air/gas impermeable, weathering and ozone resistant elastomer Butyl rubber, also known as isobutylene-isoprene (IIR) rubber, is a synthetic rubber that is produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with a small amount of isoprene. It was first developed by the chemist William Sparks in the 1930s and is commonly used in a variety of applications due to its unique properties. One of the most notable properties of butyl rubber is its excellent impermeability to gases, making it an ideal material for use in products such as inner tubes, tire inner liners, and other applications that require a gas-tight seal. Butyl rubber also has good chemical resistance and can withstand exposure to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and hydrocarbons. Butyl rubber is highly resistant to weathering and ozone degradation, making it suitable for outdoor applications such as roofing membranes and seals. It is also highly resistant to water and steam, making it useful in applications such as gaskets and seals for plumbing fixtures. In addition to its high impermeability to gases, butyl rubber also has a low gas permeability rate, which makes it an ideal material for use in the production of air bladders, gas masks, and other products that require a high level of gas impermeability. However, butyl rubber has some limitations. It has relatively poor resistance to oils and solvents, and its low resilience can make it unsuitable for applications that require high levels of flexibility or impact resistance. Despite these limitations, butyl rubber remains a highly versatile material that is widely used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications. As a fully integrated manufacturer, Goodyear Rubber is equipped to formulate custom compounds specifically designed for your application. #### C-shaped manufacturing cells A C-shaped manufacturing cell is a type of manufacturing layout that is designed to optimize efficiency and productivity in a manufacturing process. It is named for its C-shaped configuration, which allows for a streamlined flow of materials and products through the production process. In a C-shaped manufacturing cell, the production equipment is arranged in a semicircle or a U-shape, with the workers located in the center of the cell. This layout allows for easy access to the equipment and promotes communication and collaboration between workers. It also minimizes the amount of material handling required, as the products move through the production process in a linear fashion. C-shaped manufacturing cells are commonly used in lean manufacturing environments, where the focus is on minimizing waste and maximizing efficiency. They are often used in high-volume production settings, such as automotive assembly lines, where the goal is to produce large numbers of identical products quickly and efficiently. Overall, the C-shaped manufacturing cell is a highly effective way to improve productivity and reduce costs in a manufacturing environment. By optimizing the flow of materials and products through the production process, it can help manufacturers to increase their output, reduce their lead times, and improve their bottom line. #### Central Limit Theorem - Goodyear Quality The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a fundamental concept in probability theory and statistics. It states that if you take a large enough sample of independent and identically distributed random variables from any distribution with a finite mean and variance, then the sample mean of those variables will approach a normal distribution as the sample size increases, regardless of the underlying distribution. In other words, the CLT tells us that the sum of a large number of random variables will tend to be normally distributed, even if the original random variables themselves are not normally distributed. This is because the normal distribution is a stable distribution, meaning that it is very resistant to changes in the underlying distribution of the random variables being averaged. The CLT has important applications in many areas of science and engineering, particularly in statistics and data analysis. It allows us to make predictions about the distribution of a population based on a sample of that population, and it is used extensively in hypothesis testing, confidence interval estimation, and other statistical procedures. Overall, the Central Limit Theorem is a powerful tool for understanding the behavior of random variables and the relationship between sample statistics and population parameters. #### Creep Creep is a phenomenon that occurs in rubber materials when they are subjected to a constant load or stress over time. When a rubber material is compressed or stretched and held under a constant load, it will continue to deform over time even if the load remains constant. This process is called creep and is a result of the molecular rearrangement of the polymer chains that make up the rubber material. The creep behavior of rubber is an important property that can affect its performance in various applications. For example, in automotive tires, creep can result in permanent deformation of the tire under the weight of the vehicle, leading to changes in the tire's shape and performance. In medical devices, creep can lead to a loss of functionality and durability over time. The creep behavior of rubber can be influenced by several factors, including: Temperature: The temperature at which the rubber material is loaded can affect its creep behavior. Generally, rubber materials exhibit higher creep at higher temperatures, as the polymer chains become more mobile and can rearrange more easily. Load level: The level of load or stress applied to the rubber material can affect its creep behavior. Higher levels of load can result in more creep. Time: The duration of the load or stress applied to the rubber material can affect its creep behavior. Longer loading times can result in more creep. Chemical environment: The chemical environment in which the rubber material is exposed can affect its creep behavior. Exposure to certain chemicals or solvents can cause the polymer chains to break or rearrange more easily, resulting in higher creep. Understanding and controlling the creep behavior of rubber materials is important in various applications, particularly in those where they are subjected to constant load or stress over time. By optimizing the molecular structure and crosslinking density of rubber materials, as well as controlling the environmental factors to which they are exposed, it is possible to improve their creep resistance and ensure their reliable and long-lasting performance. #### crosslink length: the distance between the crosslinks within the rubber polymer network In the context of rubber, crosslink length refers to the distance between the crosslinks within the rubber polymer network. To understand crosslink length, it's important to first understand what crosslinks are. Rubber is a polymer material made up of long chains of repeating units called monomers. In its raw form, rubber is soft and malleable. However, during the manufacturing process, the rubber is chemically treated to introduce crosslinks between the polymer chains. These crosslinks act as chemical bridges that connect the polymer chains together, forming a three-dimensional network. The crosslinks in rubber provide strength, elasticity, and resilience to the material. They restrict the movement of the polymer chains, preventing them from sliding past each other easily, thus giving rubber its unique properties. The length of these crosslinks affects the overall properties of the rubber. In general, shorter crosslink lengths result in a more tightly packed network, leading to stiffer and less elastic rubber. Longer crosslink lengths create a looser network, resulting in a softer and more elastic rubber. By adjusting the crosslink length, manufacturers can tailor the properties of the rubber to suit specific applications. It's worth noting that the concept of crosslink length can be complex, and there are various ways to measure and characterize it depending on the specific polymer and analytical techniques employed. However, the general idea is that the length of the crosslinks influences the physical properties of the rubber material. #### Decrease Rubber Modulus; not Young's Modulus To decrease the modulus of a natural rubber compound, you can consider the following options: Add fillers: Fillers such as carbon black and silica can increase the stiffness and modulus of the rubber compound. Adding fillers with a lower surface area and/or smaller particle size can decrease the modulus. Use a low modulus elastomer: You can blend natural rubber with other elastomers with lower modulus, such as polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM). This can reduce the overall modulus of the compound. Reduce crosslink density: Crosslinking is a process that improves the mechanical properties of the rubber, including modulus. By reducing the crosslink density, you can decrease the modulus. This can be achieved by adjusting the cure system or using a lower level of crosslinking agents. Adjust processing conditions: Modulus can be affected by processing conditions such as temperature, time, and pressure. Adjusting these parameters can help decrease the modulus of the rubber compound. Use plasticizers: Plasticizers can reduce the modulus of the rubber by increasing its flexibility. However, excessive use of plasticizers can also affect the mechanical properties and durability of the rubber. It is important to note that any changes to the rubber compound can also affect its other properties such as strength, elongation, and resilience. Therefore, it is important to consider the intended application and requirements of the rubber product before making any modifications to the compound. #### Design for Six Sigma(DFSS): focus on product/process design to achieve high levels of quality and satisfaction DFSS stands for Design for Six Sigma. It is a methodology used within the Six Sigma framework that focuses on designing or redesigning products, services, or processes to achieve high levels of quality and customer satisfaction. DFSS aims to proactively prevent defects or errors rather than relying on post-production inspections or corrections. The traditional Six Sigma methodology, known as DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control), is primarily used for process improvement and problem-solving. On the other hand, DFSS is applied during the design phase of a product, service, or process. It emphasizes understanding customer needs, translating them into specific design requirements, and developing innovative solutions that meet or exceed those requirements. DFSS typically consists of the following phases: Define: Clearly define the goals and objectives of the design project, as well as the customer requirements and expectations. Measure: Identify and prioritize critical customer needs, also known as Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) parameters. These parameters define the characteristics that are most important to the customer. Analyze: Conduct a thorough analysis of the current design or existing alternatives, identify potential design concepts, and evaluate their feasibility and potential impact on CTQ parameters. Design: Develop detailed design alternatives based on the analysis conducted in the previous phase. This involves using tools such as QFD (Quality Function Deployment), FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis), and DOE (Design of Experiments) to optimize the design. Verify: Validate the design through simulation, prototyping, or other testing methods to ensure that it meets the defined CTQ parameters and satisfies customer requirements. Validate: Implement the final design and monitor its performance during the initial stages of production or implementation. This phase involves assessing the design's ability to consistently meet customer expectations and making necessary adjustments if needed. DFSS aims to reduce the likelihood of design-related defects or deficiencies, thereby improving customer satisfaction and minimizing the need for costly redesign or modifications after the product or service has been launched. It encourages a proactive approach to quality by integrating the voice of the customer into the design process. #### Discover Nitrile Rubber Nitrile rubber, also known as NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), is a synthetic rubber copolymer composed of acrylonitrile and butadiene. It is a popular elastomer due to its excellent oil and fuel resistance, as well as its high tensile strength and resistance to abrasion, heat, and chemicals. Nitrile rubber is commonly used in automotive and industrial applications where exposure to petroleum-based fuels and oils is common, such as gaskets, seals, hoses, and O-rings. One of the key advantages of nitrile rubber is its ability to maintain its physical properties in a wide range of temperatures. It has good resistance to low temperatures and can remain flexible even at temperatures as low as -40°C. It also has good heat resistance and can withstand temperatures up to 120°C. Another advantage of nitrile rubber is its resistance to various chemicals, including oils, fuels, and solvents. It is also resistant to ozone and weathering, making it a durable choice for outdoor applications. However, nitrile rubber does have some limitations. It is not recommended for use with polar solvents, such as ketones and esters, and it is not as flexible as some other elastomers at low temperatures. Additionally, it has poor resistance to aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene. Overall, nitrile rubber is a versatile elastomer with excellent oil and fuel resistance, making it a popular choice in automotive and industrial applications. #### DMADV is a methodology within the Six Sigma framework,: Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify DMADV is a methodology within the Six Sigma framework, which stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify. DMADV is primarily used for designing new processes, products, or services that meet customer requirements and are defect-free from the start. Let's delve into the key phases of DMADV: Define: The define phase in DMADV is similar to the define phase in DMAIC. It involves clearly defining the project goals, objectives, and customer requirements. A project charter is created to outline the scope, team members, and overall objectives. The focus is on understanding the customer needs and expectations for the new process or product. Measure: In the measure phase of DMADV, relevant data is gathered to establish a baseline and quantify the current state of the process or product. This includes collecting data on process performance, customer feedback, and market research. The data helps identify the critical-to-quality (CTQ) characteristics and metrics that need to be considered in the design phase. Analyze: The analyze phase in DMADV involves analyzing the collected data to gain insights and identify design objectives. It focuses on understanding the relationships between various factors and their impact on the desired outcomes. Tools such as process mapping, cause-and-effect diagrams, and statistical analysis are used to analyze the data and identify potential design inputs and requirements. Design: The design phase is the core of the DMADV methodology. It involves developing and designing a new process, product, or service that meets the identified requirements and objectives. During this phase, various design concepts are generated and evaluated. Prototyping, simulations, and design of experiments (DOE) techniques are commonly used to refine and optimize the design. The goal is to develop a robust and efficient solution that can deliver the desired outcomes. Verify: The verify phase in DMADV is focused on validating the designed solution. It involves testing and verifying the new process, product, or service through pilot runs or simulations. The performance is evaluated against the defined metrics and requirements established in the measure phase. The feedback and results obtained during this phase are used to refine and finalize the design before full-scale implementation. DMADV provides a systematic and structured approach to design and develop new processes, products, or services that meet customer expectations and minimize the risk of defects or failures. It emphasizes understanding customer needs, analyzing data, and using statistical tools to guide the design process. The goal is to achieve a high level of quality and customer satisfaction right from the beginning, rather than relying on post-production improvements or defect reduction. It's important to note that DMADV is not always used in every Six Sigma project. It is typically applied when there is a need for designing a new process or creating a new product or service. DMAIC, on the other hand, is more commonly used for problem-solving and process improvement projects. #### DMAIC: a problem-solving methodology commonly used in Six Sigma DMAIC is a problem-solving methodology commonly used in Six Sigma, a data-driven approach for process improvement and quality management. DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control, which are the five key phases of the methodology. Let's explore each phase in more detail: Define: In this phase, the project goals and objectives are clearly defined. The focus is on understanding the problem, identifying customer requirements, and defining the scope of the project. It involves creating a project charter, establishing the project team, and setting measurable goals that align with the organization's strategic objectives. Measure: The measure phase involves gathering data to assess the current state of the process or system. This includes identifying the key process metrics, collecting relevant data, and creating a baseline performance measurement. The data collected helps in quantifying the problem, understanding process variation, and identifying areas of improvement. Analyze: Once the data has been collected, the analyze phase aims to identify the root causes of the problem. Various tools and techniques such as process mapping, cause-and-effect diagrams, statistical analysis, and hypothesis testing are used to analyze the data and identify the factors contributing to the issue. The goal is to gain a deep understanding of the process and its influencing variables. Improve: In the improve phase, potential solutions are generated and implemented to address the identified root causes. This involves brainstorming ideas, evaluating alternatives, and selecting the most appropriate solutions. The solutions are then tested and implemented on a small scale, allowing for data-driven evaluation of their effectiveness. The focus is on achieving process optimization and driving improvements that align with the project objectives. Control: The control phase aims to sustain the improvements achieved and prevent the problem from recurring. It involves establishing control measures, monitoring key process metrics, and implementing control plans to ensure that the gains made during the improve phase are sustained over time. Documentation, training, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation are important aspects of this phase. Throughout the DMAIC process, a structured and data-driven approach is followed, enabling organizations to systematically identify, analyze, and resolve problems. It emphasizes the use of statistical tools and techniques to support decision-making and ensure that improvements are based on reliable data. DMAIC provides a framework for continuous improvement and a structured approach for tackling complex issues within an organization. It's important to note that DMAIC is just one of the methodologies within the broader Six Sigma framework, and it is typically used for projects focused on problem-solving and process improvement. #### Effect of Polarity with elastomers in steam immersion The effect of polarity on elastomers in contact with steam depends on the specific type of elastomer and its chemical composition. Generally, elastomers with high polarity, such as fluorocarbon (FKM) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), have better resistance to steam than those with low polarity, such as polyurethane (PU) and silicone (VMQ). When elastomers come into contact with steam, they may swell, harden, soften, or even disintegrate, depending on their chemical composition and the temperature and pressure of the steam. High-polarity elastomers tend to have better resistance to steam because their polar chemical groups can interact with the polar water molecules in the steam, forming hydrogen bonds that help to stabilize the elastomer's structure. For example, FKM elastomers, which are highly fluorinated and have strong C-F bonds, are known for their excellent resistance to steam and high temperatures. They are commonly used in high-temperature steam applications such as steam valves, turbine seals, and other components of steam systems. Similarly, EPDM elastomers, which contain polar chemical groups such as ether and ketone groups, also have good resistance to steam and are often used in steam gaskets and seals. On the other hand, low-polarity elastomers such as PU and VMQ may not have as good resistance to steam, especially at higher temperatures and pressures. PU elastomers may undergo chemical degradation and lose their physical properties, while VMQ elastomers may experience significant swelling and softening in contact with steam. Overall, the polarity of an elastomer can have a significant effect on its resistance to steam, and it is important to select the appropriate elastomer for specific steam applications based on its chemical composition and performance characteristics. #### Eliminating Muda Studying muda, or waste, is an important step towards implementing lean manufacturing and improving efficiency in any production process. Here are some steps you can take to study muda: Identify the types of waste: There are generally considered to be seven types of waste in a production process, which are: overproduction, waiting, defects, overprocessing, excess inventory, unnecessary motion, and unused talent. Start by identifying which of these types of waste are present in your production process. Map the process: Create a detailed map of the production process, from raw materials to finished product. This will help you to visualize where waste is occurring, and to identify areas that need improvement. Observe the process: Observe the production process in action, and look for instances of waste. Take notes on where waste is occurring, and how it is affecting the production process. Analyze the data: Once you have identified instances of waste, analyze the data to determine the root causes of the waste. This will help you to identify the most effective ways to eliminate the waste. Implement improvements: Based on your analysis, implement changes to the production process to eliminate the waste. This might involve reorganizing the workspace, improving communication between workers, or changing the way that materials are stored or transported. Monitor progress: Keep track of how the changes are affecting the production process, and continue to monitor for instances of waste. Use this information to make further improvements as needed. Studying muda is an ongoing process, and requires continuous attention and improvement. By identifying and eliminating waste, you can improve the efficiency and profitability of your production process, while also improving the quality of the final product. Make waste visible. Be conscious of the waste. Be accountable for the waste. Measure the waste. Eliminate or reduce the waste #### Fatigue Life Fatigue life refers to the number of cycles of stress a material can withstand before it fails due to fatigue. When a material is subjected to repeated cyclic loading, cracks can form and propagate through the material, leading to failure. A shortening of the fatigue life of a material means that the material can withstand fewer cycles of stress before failure. This can occur due to several reasons, including: Material degradation: Over time, the material may degrade due to environmental factors such as exposure to heat, moisture, or chemicals. This can weaken the material and reduce its fatigue life. Overloading: If a material is subjected to stress levels that exceed its design limits, its fatigue life can be significantly reduced. Overloading can cause the material to develop cracks more quickly, leading to failure. Manufacturing defects: If a material has defects such as voids, inclusions, or improper bonding, its fatigue life can be shortened. These defects can act as stress concentration points, causing cracks to form and propagate more quickly. Design issues: If a component is poorly designed or is subjected to unexpected loading conditions, its fatigue life can be reduced. For example, if a part experiences torsional loading that was not considered in its design, its fatigue life may be shorter than expected. Overall, a shortening of the fatigue life of a material can have serious consequences in various applications, such as in structural engineering or aerospace industries, where failure due to fatigue can lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider factors that can affect the fatigue life of a material and take appropriate measures to ensure its safe and reliable operation. #### Flow Behavior of Rubber Compounds   Rubber compounds are complex mixtures of rubber, fillers, oils, curatives, and other additives. Such experimental studies as have been done, have, of necessity, been confined to a few specific, and usually simple, compounds. Mathematical models of rubber flow, have, therefore, to make a number of simplifying assumptions in order to reduce their complexity, and to match experimental results. The major problem has been the difficulty in defining the interactions between fillers and elastomers. In addition, rubber compounds show both purely viscous behavior and time-dependent elastic behavior. A viscous response is proportional to the rate of deformation, while an elastic response is proportional to the amount of deformation. In addition, viscoelastic properties of compounds vary with changes in applied strain, frequency and temperature. Testing at several different frequencies, strains and temperatures is therefore necessary in order to thoroughly characterize the properties of any one compound. For a perfectly viscous material, deformation energy is dissipated as heat and relaxation of strain would result in zero stress instantly. Perfectly elastic materials would store deformation energy and give no stress decrease after the deformation is removed. In general both in design of equipment, and in process simulation, the simplification is made that the flow can be treated as being purely viscous. Polymer flow behavior is also non-Newtonian, that is shear stress is not proportional to shear rate. #### Flow behavior of rubber compounds in Extrusion Rubber compounds exhibit unique flow behavior during extrusion due to their viscoelastic properties. When a rubber compound is subjected to shear stress during extrusion, it experiences both viscous and elastic deformation. Initially, the rubber compound behaves as a solid and resists deformation due to its elastic properties. As the shear stress increases, the compound starts to flow like a viscous liquid. However, unlike a Newtonian fluid, the viscosity of a rubber compound changes with the shear rate, temperature, and chemical composition. The flow behavior of rubber compounds during extrusion is also affected by several factors such as the processing conditions, die geometry, and material properties. For example, increasing the extrusion temperature and decreasing the shear rate can improve the flow of rubber compounds. On the other hand, increasing the viscosity of the rubber compound or reducing the die gap can lead to an increase in extrusion pressure and a decrease in extrusion rate. It is essential to understand the flow behavior of rubber compounds during extrusion to optimize the processing conditions and achieve the desired product properties. By carefully controlling the processing parameters, it is possible to obtain a uniform and defect-free extrudate with the desired physical properties such as dimensional stability, surface finish, and mechanical strength. #### Garvey Die Extrusion Grading System The Garvey Die Extrusion test is a widely used method for evaluating the processability of rubber compounds. It involves measuring the pressure required to extrude a rubber sample through a standardized die under controlled conditions. The test is typically conducted using a Garvey die, which consists of a cylindrical cavity with a 0.3-inch diameter and a length of 1 inch. The die is mounted in a testing machine and a preheated rubber sample is inserted into the die cavity. A piston is then used to apply pressure to the rubber sample, forcing it through the die. The pressure required to extrude the rubber sample is recorded and used as a measure of its processability. Rubber compounds that require lower extrusion pressures are generally considered to be more easily processable than those that require higher pressures. The Garvey Die Extrusion test is often used in the rubber industry to evaluate the effects of various additives and processing conditions on the processability of rubber compounds. For example, the test can be used to evaluate the impact of plasticizers, lubricants, and other processing aids on the flow characteristics of rubber compounds. It can also be used to optimize processing conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and mixing time, to improve processability and reduce manufacturing defects. Overall, the Garvey Die Extrusion test is a useful tool for evaluating the processability of rubber compounds and optimizing rubber processing conditions. It is a simple and standardized test that provides valuable information about the flow characteristics of rubber compounds and can help manufacturers produce high-quality rubber products. #### Goldratt's Critical Chain Goldratt's Critical Chain is a project management methodology that emphasizes the importance of identifying and managing the most critical tasks in a project in order to ensure its successful completion. The methodology was developed by Eliyahu Goldratt, a physicist and management consultant, and was first presented in his book "Critical Chain" in 1997. The critical chain methodology is based on the idea that traditional project management methods often fail because they do not take into account the uncertainties and variations that can occur during a project. The methodology seeks to address these issues by focusing on the critical path of a project, which is the sequence of tasks that must be completed on time in order for the project to finish on schedule. The critical chain approach involves several key principles. First, it requires the identification of the critical chain, which is the longest sequence of dependent tasks that must be completed on time for the project to be successful. This critical chain is then used as the basis for scheduling the project. Second, the methodology requires the use of buffer time to account for uncertainties and variations in task completion times. Rather than including buffer time for each individual task, as is typically done in traditional project management, the critical chain approach consolidates buffer time into a single, centrally-managed buffer that is applied to the critical chain tasks. Third, the methodology emphasizes the importance of managing resources effectively in order to ensure that they are available when needed. This involves identifying and managing resource constraints, and using techniques such as resource leveling and resource smoothing to optimize resource utilization. Finally, the critical chain approach emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring and control to ensure that the project stays on track. This involves regular progress reviews, identification and resolution of issues, and ongoing adjustments to the project schedule as needed. Overall, Goldratt's Critical Chain methodology represents a significant departure from traditional project management approaches, and has been shown to be effective in a variety of industries and contexts. By focusing on the most critical tasks and managing resources effectively, the critical chain approach can help organizations achieve greater project success rates and improve overall project management effectiveness. #### Goodyear Purchases Poly Seal Industries Bay Area Technical Rubber Goods Company snapped up by not so 'Little' Goodyear. Goodyear Rubber Co of So Ca is proud to announce the purchase of Berkeley California’s Poly Seal Industries from Dan Baker. Poly Seal had been manufacturing high quality rubber molded products for various industries since 1974. The purchase is effective January 1, 2021. Goodyear is an independently owned small business that has been in Rancho Cucamonga since 1968 and now operates out of over 100,000 sq ft of manufacturing space in Cucamonga and in Tecate, Mexico. Partner and Executive Vice President Flynn Sears, who will manage the transition states “We feel very fortunate for this opportunity. Poly Seal brings an unmatched level of expertise in molding technical rubber goods for the medical industry.” CEO and Owner of Poly Seal Dan Baker, will stay on board for the planned 3 month transition after which the facility on Channing Way in Berkeley will be closed. For further information visit goodyearrubber.com. #### Heijunka Heijunka is a lean manufacturing technique that aims to create a production system that is responsive to customer demand, while at the same time reducing waste and increasing efficiency. The word "heijunka" is a Japanese term that roughly translates to "leveling" or "balancing". The heijunka system involves creating a production schedule that is based on customer demand, but that also takes into account the capacity of the production system. Instead of producing large quantities of one product at a time, the heijunka system spreads production out over a longer period of time and produces smaller quantities of each product. This helps to reduce the amount of inventory that is held in stock, and ensures that each product is produced in response to a specific customer demand. By spreading production out in this way, the heijunka system also helps to reduce the impact of fluctuations in demand. For example, if a sudden increase in demand occurs for one product, the heijunka system will be able to respond more quickly than a system that is geared towards producing large quantities of one product at a time. In addition to improving responsiveness to customer demand, the heijunka system can also help to reduce waste by minimizing the amount of inventory that is held in stock, and by ensuring that production is only carried out in response to specific customer orders. This can lead to significant cost savings for manufacturers, and can also help to improve the quality of the products that are produced. Overall, heijunka is a powerful tool that can help manufacturers to create a more efficient and responsive production system, while at the same time reducing waste and improving quality. #### Hot-air fluidized bed systems for curing rubber extrusions Hot-air fluidized bed systems are commonly used in the production of rubber extrusions to cure the material. These systems utilize a fluidized bed of hot air to heat and cure the rubber extrusions. The process begins with the rubber extrusions being loaded onto a conveyor belt and passed through a preheating zone. In this zone, the extrusions are gradually heated to the desired temperature to ensure even heating throughout the extrusion. The extrusions then enter the fluidized bed of hot air, where they are continuously agitated and mixed by the flowing air. This agitation ensures that the extrusions are heated uniformly and the curing process is thorough. The temperature of the hot air is carefully controlled to ensure that the rubber is cured to the desired hardness and strength while maintaining consistency in the product. The curing process may take several minutes, and the temperature is maintained until the curing is complete. Hot-air fluidized bed systems offer several advantages for curing rubber extrusions. Firstly, they provide rapid and uniform heating of the rubber compound, ensuring that it is cured evenly throughout. Secondly, the use of hot air ensures that the curing process is thorough, resulting in a more durable and long-lasting product. Moreover, hot-air fluidized bed systems can be easily controlled, allowing manufacturers to adjust the curing process to produce rubber products with specific properties. This method of curing is also energy-efficient compared to other methods, as the heat is transferred directly to the rubber extrusions, minimizing heat loss. Overall, hot-air fluidized bed systems are a highly effective and efficient method for curing rubber extrusions, producing high-quality rubber products with consistent properties. #### Hysteresis: he energy loss that occurs when a material is subjected to a cyclic stress or deformation Hysteresis is the energy loss that occurs when a material is subjected to a cyclic stress or deformation. In rubber materials, hysteresis is related to the amount of heat generated during deformation, and it is typically measured as the difference between the energy required to compress the material and the energy released when the material returns to its original shape. A decrease in hysteresis magnitude of rubber would mean that the material is becoming more efficient in storing and releasing energy during deformation, resulting in less energy being lost as heat. This can be achieved through several mechanisms, including: Crosslinking: Rubber materials are typically composed of long chains of molecules called polymers, which can be crosslinked to form a three-dimensional network. Increasing the degree of crosslinking can reduce the mobility of the polymer chains and increase the stiffness of the material, leading to a decrease in hysteresis. Reinforcement: Adding reinforcing fillers, such as carbon black or silica, can improve the mechanical properties of rubber and reduce hysteresis by increasing the stiffness and reducing the deformation of the material. Molecular design: Modifying the chemical structure of rubber molecules can improve their mechanical properties and reduce hysteresis. For example, adding functional groups to the polymer chain can increase its crosslinking density and reduce its mobility, resulting in a decrease in hysteresis. Overall, a decrease in hysteresis magnitude of rubber can lead to improved performance in various applications, such as in tires, where it can result in lower rolling resistance and improved fuel efficiency. Regenerate response #### in-situ-situ and ex-situ "In-situ mix" and "ex-situ mix" are terms used to describe the process of mixing silicone rubber compounds. In-situ mix refers to the process of mixing the silicone rubber compound directly at the manufacturing site or application location. This involves combining the base silicone material with various additives and catalysts to form a uniform mixture, which is then applied or molded in the desired shape. The in-situ mix approach is often used for applications where a precise, custom mix is required, or where the material needs to be applied in hard-to-reach areas. On the other hand, ex-situ mix refers to the process of pre-mixing the silicone rubber compound before it is transported to the manufacturing site or application location. This involves combining the base silicone material with various additives and catalysts in a controlled environment, typically in a factory or laboratory. The pre-mixed material is then packaged and transported to the desired location for application or molding. Ex-situ mix is commonly used for large-scale applications, such as construction or industrial projects, where consistent material properties and high production volumes are required. #### Jidoka is a key concept in the Toyota Production System (TPS) and is often referred to as "autonomation". Jidoka is a key concept in the Toyota Production System (TPS) and is often referred to as "autonomation". Jidoka is a Japanese term that can be translated as "automation with a human touch" or "automation with intelligence." At its core, jidoka is a quality control process that empowers workers to stop the production line when a problem occurs or when a defect is detected. The aim of jidoka is to build quality into the manufacturing process by detecting and addressing problems at their source, rather than relying on inspection and rework. Jidoka can be achieved through a number of methods, such as using sensors to detect problems in the production process, incorporating built-in quality checks into the machinery, and giving workers the authority and responsibility to stop the line. Jidoka is closely related to another key concept in TPS, which is "Just-in-Time" (JIT) production. JIT emphasizes the importance of producing only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the quantity that is needed, in order to reduce waste and improve efficiency. By incorporating jidoka and JIT into their production processes, Goodyear is able to achieve significant improvements in quality, efficiency, and customer satisfaction. Today, jidoka has become a widely recognized and respected concept in the field of manufacturing, and is often seen as a key component of lean manufacturing and Six Sigma methodologies. #### Just In Time (JIT) Just In Time (JIT) is a lean manufacturing strategy that emphasizes producing the necessary items at the right time, in the right quantity, and with the desired quality. The objective of JIT is to eliminate waste in the production process by producing only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the exact amount required. The concept of JIT was developed by the Toyota Production System (TPS) in Japan in the 1970s. The TPS was designed to reduce waste, increase efficiency, and improve quality by focusing on continuous improvement and respect for people. JIT is a key element of the TPS and is now widely used in manufacturing and other industries. The main idea behind JIT is to reduce inventory and eliminate waste. By producing only what is needed, companies can reduce inventory costs, improve cash flow, and free up space. This also reduces the risk of producing excess inventory that may not be sold or may become obsolete. JIT requires close coordination between all parts of the production process. Production must be carefully synchronized with demand, and suppliers must deliver materials and components just in time for production. This requires a high level of communication and cooperation between all parties involved. JIT also emphasizes quality control. Since defects can cause delays and waste, it is important to catch and correct them as early as possible. This requires a culture of continuous improvement and attention to detail. Overall, JIT is a powerful tool for reducing waste, improving efficiency, and increasing quality in manufacturing and other industries. While it can be challenging to implement, the benefits are often significant and long-lasting. #### Lean marketing The principles of lean manufacturing can be applied not only to manufacturing processes but also to sales and marketing processes. Here are some of the key lean principles that can be applied to sales and marketing: Customer value: In lean sales and marketing, the focus is on delivering value to the customer. This means understanding the customer's needs, wants, and preferences, and tailoring sales and marketing efforts to meet those needs. Continuous improvement: Just like in manufacturing, continuous improvement is a key principle of lean sales and marketing. This involves regularly reviewing and improving sales and marketing processes to reduce waste and improve efficiency. Visual management: Visual management is a key aspect of lean sales and marketing. It involves using visual tools and techniques to make information about sales and marketing activities more visible and accessible to everyone in the organization. Standardization: Standardizing sales and marketing processes is important for reducing variability and improving efficiency. Standardization can include things like standardized sales scripts, marketing materials, and sales reports. Flow: In lean sales and marketing, the focus is on creating a smooth flow of sales and marketing activities, from lead generation to closing the sale. This involves reducing bottlenecks and other obstacles that can slow down the sales and marketing process. Pull: The pull principle involves responding to customer demand rather than trying to push products or services onto customers. This means focusing on understanding customer needs and tailoring sales and marketing efforts accordingly. Overall, lean principles can be applied to sales and marketing to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and deliver more value to customers. By focusing on continuous improvement, visual management, standardization, flow, and pull, organizations can create more effective sales and marketing processes that help to achieve their business goals. #### Molecular Slippage and Carbon Black Reinforcement Molecular slippage is a phenomenon that occurs when a molecule moves through a narrow channel or pore. It was first described by Dr. Ross E. Dannenberg, a researcher at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), in the early 1980s. According to Dannenberg, when a molecule moves through a narrow channel or pore, it can sometimes experience a sudden "slip" or acceleration, allowing it to move through the channel more quickly than expected. This occurs because the molecule is able to temporarily reduce its size or "compress" itself, allowing it to pass through the channel more easily. Dannenberg's work on molecular slippage has been applied to a variety of fields, including biophysics, nanotechnology, and drug delivery. For example, researchers have used the concept of molecular slippage to design more efficient drug delivery systems, by creating channels or pores that allow drugs to move through more easily. Overall, molecular slippage is an important phenomenon that helps us to better understand the behavior of molecules in confined spaces, and has important implications for a wide range of scientific fields. #### Monsanto Processability Tester The Monsanto Processability Tester is a widely used instrument in the rubber industry for measuring the viscosity of rubber compounds during processing. It is named after its developer, the Monsanto Chemical Company. The tester consists of a cylindrical die with a diameter of 0.1 inches and a length of 1 inch. A small amount of preheated rubber compound is inserted into the die cavity, and a piston is used to apply pressure to the sample, forcing it through the die. The pressure required to extrude the rubber sample is recorded, along with the rate of extrusion. These measurements are used to calculate the viscosity of the rubber compound, which is a measure of its resistance to flow. The Monsanto Processability Tester is often used to evaluate the processability of rubber compounds under different conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and mixing time. It can also be used to compare the processability of different rubber formulations, and to optimize processing conditions to improve the quality of the final product. One advantage of the Monsanto Processability Tester is its ease of use and portability. It can be used in the laboratory or on the manufacturing floor, and provides quick and reliable measurements of rubber compound viscosity. It is also a relatively low-cost instrument, making it accessible to a wide range of users in the rubber industry. Overall, the Monsanto Processability Tester is a valuable tool for evaluating the processability of rubber compounds and optimizing processing conditions to improve the quality of rubber products. #### Muda - 7 Wastes Muda is a Japanese term that refers to any type of waste or inefficiency in a process. It is commonly used in the context of lean manufacturing, which is a management philosophy that aims to eliminate waste in all forms to improve efficiency and productivity. There are seven types of muda, or waste, that are typically identified in lean manufacturing: Overproduction: producing more than what is needed, which leads to excess inventory, storage costs, and wasted resources. Waiting: when people or equipment are idle due to a lack of resources or inefficient processes, which leads to delays, increased lead times, and lost opportunities. Transportation: unnecessary movement of goods or people, which leads to wasted time, energy, and resources. Processing: performing unnecessary steps or tasks that do not add value to the final product or service, which leads to wasted effort, time, and resources. Inventory: maintaining excess inventory, which ties up capital, takes up valuable space, and increases the risk of damage, obsolescence, or loss. Motion: unnecessary movement of people or equipment, which leads to wasted energy, time, and resources. Defects: producing defective or substandard products, which leads to additional costs, rework, and lost customer goodwill. To eliminate muda, lean manufacturing emphasizes the need to continuously improve processes by identifying and eliminating waste. This requires a commitment to a culture of continuous improvement and a focus on value-added activities that meet the needs of customers. #### Muda - Lost Creativity "Muda" is a Japanese term that refers to any activity that does not add value to the product or service being produced. In lean manufacturing, eliminating muda is a key strategy for improving productivity and efficiency. One type of muda that can have a negative impact on creativity in the workplace is "lost creativity." This occurs when employees are not given the time or resources to explore new ideas, experiment with new processes, or innovate in their work. Lost creativity can arise for a variety of reasons. For example, a company may be so focused on meeting short-term production goals that it neglects the importance of investing in long-term research and development. Alternatively, employees may feel constrained by rigid processes and procedures, which discourage them from exploring new ideas and taking risks. Whatever the cause, lost creativity can have serious consequences for a company's competitiveness and growth. In today's fast-paced business environment, innovation and creativity are key drivers of success. Companies that fail to foster a culture of creativity risk falling behind their competitors and missing out on new opportunities. To combat lost creativity in muda, companies can take a number of steps. These may include setting aside dedicated time and resources for research and development, creating cross-functional teams to encourage collaboration and innovation, and promoting a culture of continuous improvement and experimentation. Overall, by taking proactive steps to combat lost creativity in muda, companies can ensure that they are well-positioned to stay ahead of the curve and drive growth in their industry. #### Non-Polar Plasticizers Non-polar plasticizers are often used in rubber applications that require low-temperature flexibility and resistance to oil, solvents, and other non-polar substances. Here are some common non-polar plasticizers used for rubber: Mineral oil - Mineral oil is a commonly used non-polar plasticizer that provides good low-temperature flexibility and excellent resistance to oils and solvents. It is often used in automotive and industrial applications. Paraffin wax - Paraffin wax is a low-cost plasticizer that provides excellent low-temperature flexibility and good resistance to oils and solvents. It is often used in cable insulation and other electrical applications. Naphthenic oil - Naphthenic oil is a non-polar plasticizer that provides good low-temperature flexibility and excellent resistance to oils, solvents, and other non-polar substances. It is often used in automotive and industrial applications. Terephthalic acid esters - Terephthalic acid esters are non-polar plasticizers that provide good low-temperature flexibility and excellent resistance to oils and solvents. They are often used in automotive and wire and cable applications. Chlorinated paraffin - Chlorinated paraffin is a non-polar plasticizer that provides good low-temperature flexibility and excellent resistance to oils, solvents, and other non-polar substances. It is often used in wire and cable insulation and other industrial applications. #### OEE Overall Equipment Effectiveness Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a key performance indicator used in manufacturing to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of equipment in production. OEE provides a metric for evaluating how well manufacturing equipment is being used by measuring the percentage of time that it is operating effectively to produce good-quality products. OEE is calculated by multiplying three factors: Availability, Performance, and Quality. Each of these factors is expressed as a percentage, with the product of the three factors representing the overall OEE percentage. The Availability factor of OEE measures the percentage of time that the equipment is available for production. This includes planned downtime for maintenance or changeovers, as well as unplanned downtime for breakdowns or other reasons. The Performance factor of OEE measures the percentage of the equipment's maximum speed or output that is being achieved during production. This takes into account factors such as speed losses due to slow or stopped machines, as well as small stops or idling. The Quality factor of OEE measures the percentage of good-quality products that are produced by the equipment during production. This includes products that meet all quality standards and specifications, as well as those that are produced without any defects or rework. By measuring OEE, manufacturers can identify areas of inefficiency in their production processes and take action to improve equipment performance, reduce downtime, and improve product quality. This can help to increase productivity, reduce waste, and improve profitability in manufacturing operations. In summary, Overall Equipment Effectiveness is a valuable metric for measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of manufacturing equipment, providing insights into how well equipment is being used and opportunities for improvement. #### OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a performance metric that is commonly used in manufacturing and industrial settings to measure the efficiency of equipment. OEE measures the equipment's effectiveness in terms of its availability, performance, and quality. The formula for calculating OEE is: OEE = Availability x Performance x Quality Where: Availability: The percentage of time that the equipment is available for production. It takes into account factors such as breakdowns, changeovers, and planned maintenance. Performance: The ratio of the actual production rate to the theoretical production rate. It takes into account factors such as machine speed, operator efficiency, and quality of materials. Quality: The percentage of good products produced compared to the total number of products produced. OEE is typically expressed as a percentage, with 100% indicating perfect performance. A high OEE score indicates that the equipment is being used effectively, while a low OEE score indicates that there is room for improvement. OEE can be used to identify areas of improvement in the production process. By analyzing the factors that contribute to low OEE scores, manufacturers can make changes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their equipment. This can lead to reduced downtime, improved product quality, and increased productivity. #### Parts filler required for 10 point hardness rise URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/parts-filler-required-for-10-point-hardness-rise/ #### Plasticity: Free Volume, Gel, Lubricity Theories The lubricity theory, free volume theory and the gel theory are three theories that explain the plasticization of rubber compounds. The lubricity theory suggests that plasticizers improve the lubrication between the polymer chains in the rubber compound, which allows for easier movement and greater flexibility. According to this theory, the plasticizer molecules are inserted between the polymer chains and act as a lubricant, reducing the friction between the chains and allowing them to slide past one another more easily. This results in a softer and more pliable material. The Free Gel theory, on the other hand, proposes that plasticizers dissolve some of the polymer chains in the rubber compound, creating a "free gel" of individual polymer molecules that are able to move independently of one another. This free gel is then able to flow more easily, resulting in increased flexibility and workability. According to this theory, the amount of plasticizer added to the rubber compound determines the size of the free gel and therefore the degree of plasticization. Both of these theories suggest that plasticizers work by reducing the intermolecular forces between polymer chains, allowing for greater movement and flexibility. However, the specific mechanisms of plasticization may vary depending on the type of rubber compound and the specific plasticizer used. According to the free volume theory, the movement and flexibility of polymer chains in rubber is limited by the amount of free volume between them. When a plasticizer is added to the rubber, it decreases the intermolecular forces between the polymer chains, creating more free volume. This increased free volume allows the polymer chains to move more freely, resulting in greater flexibility and workability. The free volume theory suggests that the degree of plasticization depends on the amount of free volume created by the plasticizer. Different plasticizers can have varying effects on the free volume of a rubber compound, depending on their molecular structure and interaction with the polymer chains. Overall, the free volume theory provides a useful framework for understanding the role of plasticizers in rubber compounds and their effects on the mechanical properties of the material. #### Plasticization What is Plasticization? Plasticization of a rubber compound refers to the process of adding plasticizers to the rubber to improve its flexibility, workability, and other properties. A plasticizer is a chemical compound that is added to a material to make it more pliable and easier to shape. In the case of rubber, plasticizers are added to improve its processing characteristics such as reducing the viscosity of the rubber compound, making it easier to mix, extrude, or mold. This can also improve the physical properties of the rubber, such as its elongation, tensile strength, and tear resistance. However, excessive plasticization can also lead to negative effects such as decreased hardness, increased swelling and reduced durability. The selection and amount of plasticizer added to a rubber compound must be carefully considered to achieve the desired properties of the final product. #### Plasticizers Plasticizers are a type of additive used in rubber compounds to improve their flexibility, durability, and other physical properties. They are often added to rubber formulations to make the material softer and more pliable, while also improving its resistance to cracking, abrasion, and other forms of wear and tear. There are many different types of plasticizers that can be used in rubber compounds, depending on the specific properties required for the application. Some common examples of plasticizers include phthalates, adipates, citrates, and phosphates. Phthalates are one of the most commonly used plasticizers in rubber compounds. They are highly effective at improving flexibility and durability, and are often used in applications such as automotive hoses, seals, and gaskets. However, there are concerns about the potential health effects of certain phthalates, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which has been linked to developmental and reproductive issues. Adipates, citrates, and phosphates are alternative plasticizers that are often used as substitutes for phthalates in rubber compounds. These plasticizers are generally considered to be safer and more environmentally friendly than phthalates, and are becoming increasingly popular as awareness of the potential health risks associated with phthalates grows. Overall, plasticizers are a critical component of many rubber formulations, and their selection and use can have a significant impact on the properties and performance of the final product. Careful consideration of the specific application and required properties is important when selecting a plasticizer for use in a rubber compound. #### Process Control Plan In lean manufacturing, a control plan is a key tool used to ensure consistent quality and process control throughout the production cycle. It outlines the specific actions and measurements required to maintain quality standards, prevent defects, and minimize variation. The control plan is typically developed as part of the overall quality management system in a lean manufacturing environment. Here are the key components typically included in a control plan: Process Steps: The control plan begins by listing all the process steps involved in manufacturing the product. Each step is described in detail, including the materials, equipment, and personnel involved. Process Controls: For each process step, the control plan specifies the controls in place to ensure that the step is executed correctly. These controls can include standard operating procedures (SOPs), work instructions, visual aids, checklists, and training programs for the operators. Key Characteristics: Key characteristics are the critical quality attributes of a product or process that significantly impact customer satisfaction or product performance. The control plan identifies these key characteristics and defines the acceptable tolerances or specifications for each one. Measurement Methods: The control plan outlines the specific measurement methods to be used for each key characteristic. This includes detailing the measuring equipment, techniques, and sampling plans. The measurement methods should be reliable, accurate, and capable of detecting any variations or defects. Frequency of Measurement: The control plan specifies how frequently measurements are taken for each key characteristic. This ensures that deviations from the desired specifications are detected in a timely manner. The frequency may vary based on the criticality of the characteristic and the associated risks. Response Plans: In the event of any deviation or non-conformance identified during the measurement process, the control plan includes predefined response plans. These plans outline the actions to be taken to address the issue, including stopping production, reworking the product, or initiating corrective actions. Escalation and Communication: The control plan defines the escalation process and communication channels for any quality issues or non-conformances. It ensures that the right personnel are informed promptly, allowing for quick resolution and preventing the production of defective products. Verification and Validation: The control plan includes provisions for verification and validation of the process controls and measurement systems. This involves periodic audits, inspections, or assessments to confirm that the controls are effective and reliable. Continuous Improvement: The control plan is not a static document; it should be continuously reviewed and updated based on feedback and improvement opportunities. It encourages a culture of continuous improvement by incorporating lessons learned and best practices into the control plan. #### Processing Aids Processing aids are a class of additives that are used in rubber compounds to improve processing characteristics, such as flow and dispersion, and to enhance the final properties of the cured rubber product. There are many different types of processing aids that can be used, and their selection depends on the specific application and processing requirements. Some common types of processing aids used in rubber compounds include: Lubricants: These additives improve flow and reduce friction during processing, helping to prevent sticking and improve release from molds. Examples of lubricants include stearic acid, zinc stearate, and montan wax. Plasticizers: These additives improve flexibility and reduce stiffness in the rubber compound, making it easier to process and improving the final properties of the cured product. Common plasticizers used in rubber compounds include oils, resins, and esters. Antioxidants: These additives prevent the rubber from degrading during processing and storage by preventing oxidation. Examples of antioxidants used in rubber compounds include phenols, amines, and phosphites. Fillers: These additives are used to improve the mechanical properties of the cured rubber product, such as hardness, abrasion resistance, and tear strength. Common fillers used in rubber compounds include carbon black, silica, and clay. Processing aids: These additives are specifically designed to improve processing characteristics, such as flow and dispersion, and can include materials such as fatty acids, alcohols, and surfactants. #### Quality Pioneers: W. Edwards Deming W. Edwards Deming emphasized the need for changes in management structure and attitudes. He developed a list of “Fourteen Points.” As stated in his book Out of the Crisis they are: Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service. Adopt a new philosophy. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag alone; instead, minimize total cost by working with a single supplier. Improve constantly and forever every process for planning, production, and service. Institute training on the job. Adopt and institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between staff areas. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the workforce. Eliminate numerical quotas for the workforce and numerical goals for management. Remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship. Eliminate the annual rating or merit system. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement for everyone. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation Goodyear - Your Engineered Elastomer Solutions Partner #### Rubber Bonding: adhesive Selector Below is a list of single coat adhesive selectors for different polymer types: [wpdatatable id=4] I will write a subsequent blog making a more comprehensive list including 2 coat systems. Hope it helps. #### Rubber Extrusion - Line takeoff speed Line takeoff speed in rubber extrusion refers to the speed at which the extruded rubber product is pulled or drawn away from the extrusion die or head. This speed is also known as line speed or haul-off speed. The line takeoff speed is a critical parameter in rubber extrusion as it affects the quality of the extruded product. The speed at which the product is pulled away from the die affects the cross-sectional dimensions, surface finish, and physical properties of the final product. If the line takeoff speed is too high, the extruded product may experience deformation, distortion, or even breakage. On the other hand, if the line takeoff speed is too low, the extruded product may become over-stretched or may not maintain its desired dimensions. The optimal line takeoff speed depends on various factors, including the type of rubber material, the dimensions of the extruded product, and the extrusion process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and screw speed. #### Rubber Extrusion: Drag, Pressure and Leakage Drag, pressure, and leakage are important factors that affect the quality of the extruded rubber product in the rubber extrusion process. Drag: Drag refers to the frictional force that occurs between the rubber material and the surface of the extrusion die or head. The drag force opposes the movement of the rubber material and is responsible for pulling the extruded product away from the die. The amount of drag is affected by various factors, including the die geometry, die land length, die swell, and the rheological properties of the rubber material. If the drag force is too low, the rubber material may not be pulled away from the die properly, resulting in poor surface finish, incomplete filling, or even die swell. Conversely, if the drag force is too high, it can cause deformation, distortion, or breakage of the extruded product. Pressure: Pressure refers to the force exerted by the rubber material against the walls of the extrusion die or head. The pressure is created by the movement of the rubber material through the die, and it is affected by various factors, including the temperature, viscosity, and flow rate of the rubber material. If the pressure is too low, the rubber material may not fill the die properly, resulting in incomplete filling and surface defects. Conversely, if the pressure is too high, it can cause die swell, extrusion instability, and even die breakage. Leakage: Leakage refers to the escape of the rubber material through gaps or openings in the extrusion die or head. Leakage can occur due to various reasons, including poor die design, inadequate sealing, and excessive pressure. If there is excessive leakage, it can cause product defects such as surface irregularities, inconsistent dimensions, and reduced mechanical properties. Leakage can also lead to waste of material and increased production costs. In conclusion, drag, pressure, and leakage are important factors that affect the quality of the extruded rubber product. By optimizing these factors, it is possible to produce extruded rubber products with consistent dimensions, surface finish, and mechanical properties. #### Rubber Molding: Compression Molding Hi everyone, I get a lot of lot of molding requests from perspective customers. These prospects are almost never experts in rubber molding. Sometimes they will have had a plastic part molded in the past so the request often comes as something like this: 'Do you do that injection molding?'. We do have injection molding machines and sometimes they are the right fit for a rubber molding job but that is often not the case. Rubber is different than plastic. Rubber is more 'heavy duty' than plastic. It takes much more tonnage to close and keep closed the press during vulcanization. It takes longer to cure. Rubber is generally used in harsher environments than plastic. Rubber is more expensive to manufacture than plastic. What you need to know is that there are other types of rubber molding; namely, compression and transfer. Injection molding machines are very expensive to operate relative to standard presses in similar size and tonnage. With rubber, unless you have huge volumes (like run it 24 hrs per day, 5 days per week) you might be better off in a compression or transfer mold. Compression Molding is the simplest and most common method of rubber molding. It is characterized by placing a slightly over-sized piece of uncured rubber in the cavity then closing the press with sufficient tonnage and heat which causes the rubber to lose viscosity and flow throughout the cavity. After all the cross-linking has taken place the press opens, the mold opens and the finished parts is de-molded. In a subsequent article I will write about transfer molding.. Transfer molding kind of uses the lower running-cost equipment of a standard hydraulic press but gets some of the benefits of injecting the heated (and therefore low-viscosity) material into a closed mold. For any questions, please write me at fsears@goodyearrubber.com   #### Rubber: Shear Thinning Flow Shear thinning fluids are fluids that exhibit a decrease in viscosity as the shear rate increases. In other words, the fluid becomes less viscous and flows more easily when it is subjected to higher rates of shear stress. Rubber is an example of a shear thinning material. When rubber is subjected to shear stress, the long polymer chains in the material begin to align in the direction of the stress. This alignment causes the material to become more fluid and flow more easily. As the shear rate increases, the material continues to align and flow more readily, causing a decrease in viscosity. The shear thinning behavior of rubber can have significant implications for rubber processing and manufacturing. For example, the mixing process for rubber compounds can be optimized by using equipment that applies a high shear rate to the material, which will result in better mixing and dispersion of additives. Additionally, the viscosity of rubber can impact its performance in applications such as tire manufacturing. High viscosity rubbers may be more durable and long-lasting, but they may also provide poorer handling and performance characteristics. Lower viscosity rubbers may be more responsive and provide better handling, but they may not be as durable. In summary, rubber is an example of a shear thinning material, which means that its viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. This behavior can have important implications for rubber processing and manufacturing, as well as the performance of rubber products in various applications. #### Set Recovery Set recovery is a measure of the ability of rubber materials to return to their original shape after being subjected to deformation or compression. When a rubber material is compressed or stretched, it undergoes a process called "set" or "permanent set," where it retains a portion of the deformation even after the load is removed. The set recovery of rubber refers to its ability to recover its original shape after being subjected to a specific level of deformation. It is typically expressed as a percentage, which represents the ratio of the amount of recovery to the amount of deformation. The set recovery of rubber is influenced by several factors, including: Crosslinking: The degree of crosslinking in a rubber material affects its set recovery. Higher crosslinking densities result in stiffer and more elastic materials with better set recovery. Temperature: The temperature at which the rubber material is deformed can affect its set recovery. Generally, rubber materials have better set recovery at lower temperatures, as they are less prone to permanent deformation. Time: The duration of the deformation can also affect the set recovery of rubber. Longer deformation times can result in more permanent deformation and lower set recovery. Deformation level: The amount of deformation that a rubber material undergoes can affect its set recovery. Higher levels of deformation can lead to more permanent set and lower set recovery. Set recovery is an important property of rubber materials, particularly in applications where they are subjected to repeated compression and relaxation cycles. For example, in sealing applications, rubber gaskets must maintain their sealing properties even after being compressed and released many times. Therefore, understanding and optimizing the set recovery of rubber materials is crucial to ensure their reliable and long-lasting performance. #### Silane coupling agents SI69 is a type of silane coupling agent that is commonly used in rubber compounds to improve their properties. Silica-filled rubber compounds are widely used in tire manufacturing, as they offer improved fuel efficiency, better wet grip, and reduced rolling resistance compared to traditional carbon black-filled compounds. When SI69 is added to a silica-filled rubber compound, it forms a chemical bond between the silica particles and the rubber matrix. This bond improves the interaction between the silica and the rubber, leading to improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance. Additionally, SI69 can improve the dispersion of the silica particles within the rubber matrix, leading to a more uniform distribution of the filler. This can result in improved compound processing and reduced variability in the properties of the final product. Overall, the addition of SI69 to silica-filled rubber compounds can lead to significant improvements in their mechanical properties and processing characteristics, making them a preferred choice for tire manufacturers and other applications where high-performance rubber is required. The modification of the silica surface by reacting it with TESPT (Si69 R ) nearly eliminated the tendency of the silica to form a filler–filler network. It is consumed during the breaking and re-formation of the filler–filler networks. N110 carbon black shows the highest tan δ in the 1–10% strain region (Log DSA -2 to -1) that is associated with rolling resistance. Carbon blacks have less tendency to form a filler–filler network than silicas, but the agglomerates that do form are relatively weak and break down in this low strain region. The silica forms more networks, but they are stronger and do not break until higher strains are applied. The silane-modified silica (Silica-TESPT) shows very little effect from filler–filler network breakdown and re-formation and thus less energy consumption than carbon black in the low strain region associated with rolling resistance. #### Six Sigma Control Plans / Dynamic Control Plans Control plans are an important component of Six Sigma methodology that are used to ensure that a process remains in control and meets customer requirements. A control plan is essentially a document that outlines the steps that need to be taken to maintain process stability and consistency, and it includes details on the key process inputs, outputs, and measures that will be monitored. Dynamic control plans are an extension of traditional control plans that take into account the dynamic nature of processes. In dynamic control plans, the control limits are adjusted based on the variability observed in the process over time. This means that the control limits are not fixed, but rather are adjusted based on the process performance data. Dynamic control plans are particularly useful in processes that are subject to change or have a high degree of variability. The key steps in developing a control plan include: Identify the process to be controlled Define the process inputs, outputs, and measures Establish target values and specifications for the process measures Determine the frequency and method of data collection Establish control limits based on historical data or industry standards Develop a response plan for out-of-control situations Implement the control plan and monitor the process performance Dynamic control plans add an additional step to the process, which involves analyzing the process performance data and adjusting the control limits as needed to maintain process stability and meet customer requirements. This approach allows Goodyear Rubber to be more responsive to changes in the process and to continuously improve their operations. #### Sound Dampening Properties of Rubber Rubber is a popular material for sound dampening due to its unique properties. The sound dampening properties of rubber are primarily due to its ability to absorb vibrations and convert them into heat energy. When sound waves hit rubber, the rubber absorbs some of the energy from the wave and converts it into heat, which reduces the intensity of the sound wave. Rubber is also effective at blocking sound waves from passing through it, which makes it an excellent material for sound insulation. Rubber can be used in a variety of applications where noise reduction is necessary, such as automotive and industrial settings, building construction, and even in musical instruments. The effectiveness of rubber as a sound dampening material depends on a variety of factors, including the type of rubber used, its thickness, and the frequency of the sound waves being absorbed or blocked. In general, thicker and denser rubber materials are more effective at dampening sound than thinner and less dense materials. Overall, rubber is a versatile and effective material for sound dampening and can be a valuable tool for reducing noise in a wide range of applications. #### Steam Resistant Silicone - long chain functional polymer surface treatments Examples of longer chained functional polymer surface treatments for fumed silica include: Silane coupling agents: Silane coupling agents are widely used to modify the surface of fumed silica particles. These agents typically have a longer chain length (e.g., C18) and contain functional groups such as amino, epoxy, or methacrylate. The silane coupling agent reacts with the surface of the fumed silica particle to form a covalent bond, creating a stable interface between the particle and the surrounding matrix. This can improve the dispersion of the fumed silica in the matrix and enhance the mechanical properties of the composite. Polyethylene glycol (PEG): PEG is a water-soluble, non-toxic polymer that can be used to modify the surface of fumed silica particles. PEG can form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the silica particle, creating a stable coating. PEG can improve the dispersibility of the fumed silica in aqueous systems and can also enhance the rheological properties of the resulting dispersions. Polysiloxanes: Polysiloxanes are long-chain polymers that contain silicon-oxygen bonds. They can be used to modify the surface of fumed silica particles through a hydrolysis and condensation reaction. The resulting polysiloxane coating can improve the thermal stability and chemical resistance of the fumed silica, as well as enhance the dispersibility of the particles in organic solvents. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): PVP is a water-soluble polymer that can be used to modify the surface of fumed silica particles. PVP can form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the silica particle, creating a stable coating. PVP can improve the dispersibility of the fumed silica in aqueous systems and can also enhance the rheological properties of the resulting dispersions. These are just a few examples of longer chained functional polymer surface treatments for fumed silica. Other polymers and surface treatments may also be used depending on the specific application and desired properties of the resulting composite material. For steam resistance, longer chained functional polymer surface treatments for fumed silica that provide hydrophobicity and thermal stability would be ideal. Here are a few options: Fluorinated silanes: Fluorinated silanes have long-chain alkyl groups and a fluorine atom at the end of the chain. The fluorine atom provides hydrophobicity, while the silane group can bond to the surface of the fumed silica. This surface treatment can improve the steam resistance of the fumed silica by reducing the absorption of water and protecting the silica from hydrolysis. Polyimides: Polyimides are high-temperature-resistant polymers that can be used to modify the surface of fumed silica particles. The polyimide coating can provide thermal stability and hydrophobicity to the fumed silica, making it more resistant to steam exposure. Polyimides can be synthesized by reacting a diamine with a dianhydride, and the resulting polymer can be coated onto the surface of the fumed silica particles. Silicone resins: Silicone resins are highly crosslinked polymers that can be used to modify the surface of fumed silica particles. The silicone resin coating can provide thermal stability and hydrophobicity to the fumed silica, making it more resistant to steam exposure. Silicone resins can be synthesized by reacting a silicone precursor with a crosslinker, and the resulting polymer can be coated onto the surface of the fumed silica particles. These longer chained functional polymer surface treatments for fumed silica can improve steam resistance by providing hydrophobicity and thermal stability to the fumed silica particles. The specific treatment chosen will depend on the application and the desired properties of the resulting composite material.   #### Stress Relaxation Stress relaxation is a phenomenon that occurs in rubber materials when they are subjected to a constant deformation or strain over time. When a rubber material is stretched or compressed and held in a deformed state for a period of time, its stress level will decrease over time while the deformation remains constant. This process is called stress relaxation and is a result of the molecular rearrangement of the polymer chains that make up the rubber material. The stress relaxation behavior of rubber is an important property that can affect its performance in various applications. For example, in automotive tires, stress relaxation can result in a decrease in tire pressure over time, leading to a decrease in vehicle handling and fuel efficiency. In medical devices, stress relaxation can lead to a loss of functionality and durability over time. The stress relaxation behavior of rubber can be influenced by several factors, including: Temperature: The temperature at which the rubber material is deformed can affect its stress relaxation behavior. Generally, rubber materials exhibit higher stress relaxation at higher temperatures, as the polymer chains become more mobile and can rearrange more easily. Deformation level: The level of deformation or strain applied to the rubber material can affect its stress relaxation behavior. Higher levels of deformation can result in more stress relaxation. Time: The duration of the deformation or strain applied to the rubber material can affect its stress relaxation behavior. Longer deformation times can result in more stress relaxation. Chemical environment: The chemical environment in which the rubber material is exposed can affect its stress relaxation behavior. Exposure to certain chemicals or solvents can cause the polymer chains to break or rearrange more easily, resulting in higher stress relaxation. Understanding and controlling the stress relaxation behavior of rubber materials is important in various applications, particularly in those where they are subjected to constant deformation or strain over time. By optimizing the molecular structure and crosslinking density of rubber materials, as well as controlling the environmental factors to which they are exposed, it is possible to improve their stress relaxation behavior and ensure their reliable and long-lasting performance. #### Sulfur and ph of carbon black in rubber compounds Sulfur level and pH are important factors in the production of rubber compounds that contain carbon black. Carbon black is commonly used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds to improve their strength, stiffness, and abrasion resistance. Here's how sulfur level and pH affect carbon black in rubber compounds: Sulfur level: The level of sulfur in a rubber compound can have a significant impact on the properties of carbon black. Sulfur is typically added to rubber compounds as a vulcanizing agent to crosslink the rubber molecules and form a solid, durable material. However, excessive levels of sulfur can cause degradation of carbon black, resulting in a reduction in its reinforcing properties. This is because sulfur can react with the surface groups on carbon black, reducing the amount of available surface area for interaction with the rubber matrix. Therefore, it is important to maintain the proper sulfur level in rubber compounds to ensure optimal performance of the carbon black. pH: The pH of carbon black can also affect its performance in rubber compounds. Carbon black is typically produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, resulting in a highly acidic material with a pH in the range of 2-4. If carbon black with a low pH is used in rubber compounds, it can react with the basic ingredients in the rubber, such as the accelerators and curatives, leading to premature vulcanization and reduced properties. Therefore, it is important to adjust the pH of carbon black to a more neutral level before incorporating it into rubber compounds. This can be done by treating the carbon black with a base, such as sodium hydroxide or ammonia, to neutralize the acidic groups on the surface of the particles. In summary, sulfur level and pH are important considerations in the production of rubber compounds that contain carbon black. Proper control of these factors can help to ensure optimal performance of the carbon black and the final rubber product. #### Supply Chains Are Conversations, Not Just Transactions URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/supply-chains-are-conversations-not-just-transactions/ #### The Mullins Effect The Mullins effect, also known as the Mullins-Schofield effect, is a phenomenon observed in elastomers or rubber-like materials. It describes the change in the mechanical properties of the material upon cyclic loading and unloading. Specifically, the Mullins effect refers to the softening and irreversible reduction in stiffness of an elastomer after being subjected to multiple cycles of deformation. This reduction in stiffness is due to the permanent rearrangement of the polymer chains within the material, which leads to a loss of mechanical energy upon subsequent loading. The Mullins effect is particularly significant in elastomers that have been pre-stretched or have undergone a large deformation. In these cases, the material may exhibit a significant amount of viscoelasticity and energy dissipation, leading to a reduction in stiffness and an increase in hysteresis. The Mullins effect has important implications for the design and use of elastomers in various applications. For example, in engineering applications, it is essential to consider the Mullins effect when designing elastomer components that will undergo repeated loading and unloading cycles. Understanding the Mullins effect can help engineers select appropriate materials and design components that will withstand the expected mechanical stresses over their lifetime. #### The Rubber Molecule Rubber molecules are long chain polymers made up of repeating units of isoprene monomers. Isoprene is a small molecule that has the chemical formula C5H8 and contains two double bonds. When many isoprene molecules join together, they form a long chain polymer called polyisoprene, which is the primary component of natural rubber. The chains of rubber molecules are very flexible and have a high degree of elasticity, which means they can stretch and return to their original shape when a force is applied and then removed. This is because the double bonds in the isoprene units allow for the chains to move and rotate more easily, giving rubber its unique properties. Rubber molecules can also be modified by the addition of other chemical groups, which can alter their properties. For example, the addition of sulfur atoms to the rubber molecules can create cross-links between the chains, which can make the rubber more durable and resistant to deformation. This process is known as vulcanization and is commonly used in the production of rubber products. #### The Toyota Way - 14 principles 14 Principles of “The Toyota Way” 1. Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. 2. Create a continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface. 3. Use “pull” systems to avoid overproduction. 4. Level out the workload (work like the tortoise, not the hare). 5. Build a culture of stopping to fix problems to get quality right the first time. 6. Standardized tasks and processes are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment. 7. Use visual controls so no problems are hidden. 8. Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and process. 9. Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others. 10. Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company’s philosophy. 11. Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve. 12. Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation. 13. Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all options; implement decisions rapidly. 14. Become a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement. #lean #tps #### Theory of Constraints (TOC) The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a management philosophy developed by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in the 1980s. It is based on the idea that in any organization or system, there is always at least one constraint that limits its performance. The goal of TOC is to identify and manage these constraints to improve the overall performance of the system. The theory of constraints is built around five key principles: Identify the system's constraints: The first step is to identify the bottleneck or constraint in the system. This is the area where demand exceeds capacity and where work backs up. Exploit the constraint: Once identified, the constraint must be fully utilized to maximize the system's performance. This means focusing all available resources on the bottleneck to ensure it is never idle. Subordinate everything else to the constraint: All other activities in the system must be aligned with the bottleneck's pace to prevent overproduction and keep the system in balance. Elevate the constraint: Over time, the constraint can be elevated by increasing its capacity or by removing it altogether. This is done through process improvement or investment in new technologies. Repeat the process: The process is iterative, and the goal is to continually improve the system's performance by identifying new constraints and improving processes. TOC is widely used in manufacturing, but it can also be applied to service industries, healthcare, and other areas. By focusing on the bottleneck in the system, organizations can improve productivity, increase throughput, and reduce waste. #### Ultra Short-Vulcanization and Rapid Cure Technology International Rubber Molding Conference Technical Paper Ultra Short-Vulcanization Technique for Rubber-Metal bonded parts and Rapid Cure Technology discussed. Click above link. Clamping Force Calculator #### V.O.C.'s and adhesives VOCs, or volatile organic compounds, are organic chemicals that easily vaporize at room temperature. They are commonly found in adhesives, coatings, and other industrial products. Exposure to high levels of VOCs can have negative health effects, including respiratory problems and damage to the central nervous system. Chemlok adhesives are a type of adhesive used in the bonding of rubber to metal in industrial applications. Chemlok adhesives are designed to provide excellent adhesion, durability, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and environmental factors. However, some formulations of Chemlok adhesives contain VOCs, which can be released during the application and curing process. To address this issue, manufacturers have developed low-VOC formulations of Chemlok adhesives. These adhesives are designed to provide the same performance characteristics as their high-VOC counterparts while minimizing the release of harmful chemicals into the environment. When using Chemlok adhesives, it is important to follow proper safety procedures to minimize exposure to VOCs. This may include wearing protective clothing and equipment, ensuring adequate ventilation in the work area, and following proper disposal procedures for unused adhesive and solvent materials. #### Value Stream Mapping (VSM) Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a lean management tool used to analyze and visualize the flow of materials, information, and activities required to bring a product or service to the customer. The objective of value stream mapping is to identify waste and opportunities for improvement within the value stream. In value stream mapping, the value stream is depicted using a visual representation that shows the flow of material and information from the beginning of the process to the end. This visual representation helps teams to identify and understand how value is created within the process, as well as areas where value is lost or wasted. Value stream mapping typically involves several steps, including: Identifying the product or service that is being analyzed. Mapping the current state of the value stream, including the flow of material and information, cycle time, and process steps. Identifying areas of waste, such as overproduction, waiting, defects, excess inventory, unnecessary processing, and unnecessary motion. Developing a future state map that eliminates waste and improves the flow of material and information. Implementing changes to the value stream to achieve the future state map. Continuously monitoring and improving the value stream to ensure that it is optimized. Value stream mapping is an effective tool for organizations that are looking to improve their processes and eliminate waste. By identifying areas of waste and opportunities for improvement, organizations can reduce lead times, improve quality, and increase customer satisfaction. #### Vented Rubber Extruders Vented rubber extruders are designed to remove volatiles and air from the rubber material during the extrusion process. They are commonly used to produce rubber products that require a high degree of purity, such as medical tubing, food-grade products, and electrical insulation. The vented rubber extruder works by introducing a vacuum system into the extrusion process, which removes air and other volatile compounds from the rubber material as it moves through the extruder. The extruder typically consists of a barrel with a screw that rotates inside it. The screw is designed to compress and convey the rubber material from the feed section to the discharge section. The barrel is equipped with a vent port that is connected to a vacuum system. As the rubber material is conveyed through the screw, it is subjected to high temperatures and pressures, which can cause the release of volatile compounds such as water, steam, and other gases. These volatile compounds are removed from the rubber material through the vent port and the vacuum system. The vented rubber extruder also features a specialized die that allows for the efficient removal of volatiles from the rubber material. The die typically has a narrow gap between the die lips, which helps to minimize the residence time of the rubber material in the die and reduce the risk of degradation. By removing the volatiles and air from the rubber material, vented rubber extruders can produce high-quality rubber products that are free from defects such as bubbles, porosity, and surface irregularities. The extrusion process also results in a higher degree of dimensional stability, improved surface finish, and increased mechanical properties. #### W. Edwards Deming - Quality Pioneer Adopt a new philosophy. Adopt and institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between staff areas. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the workforce. Remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship - W. Edwards Deming #### What is a Process Control Plan? A Process Control Plan (PCP) is a systematic and detailed document used in manufacturing and various industries to ensure that production processes are consistent, controlled, and capable of producing products that meet specific quality standards. The primary purpose of a Process Control Plan is to minimize process variation, identify potential issues, and outline corrective actions to maintain product quality and efficiency. A typical Process Control Plan includes the following key components: 1. Process Steps: A clear and well-defined description of each step in the production process, starting from raw materials to the finished product. 2. Process Parameters: The critical parameters and variables that can affect the quality of the product. These can include temperature, pressure, time, speed, etc. 3. Tolerance Limits: The acceptable range of values for each process parameter. These limits are usually based on the product's design specifications and quality requirements. 4. Control Methods: The techniques and tools employed to monitor and control the process parameters. This can involve manual inspection, automated sensors, sampling, or any other appropriate methods. 5. Sample Size and Frequency: Specifies how often samples will be taken for inspection and how many items will be sampled in each batch or lot. 6. Process Monitoring: Details on how the process will be continuously monitored to ensure it stays within the specified control limits. 7. Corrective Actions: Procedures to be followed if the process goes out of control or if product quality deviates from the established tolerances. This may include identifying the root cause of the issue and implementing corrective measures to prevent recurrence. 8. Responsibilities: Clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of individuals involved in the process, including operators, supervisors, quality control personnel, and management. 9. Documentation and Records: Specifies the documentation required to record process data, inspection results, corrective actions, and any other relevant information. 10. Control Plan Review: How and when the Process Control Plan will be reviewed and updated to accommodate process improvements or changes. A Process Control Plan is an essential tool in industries that rely on consistent product quality, such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. By implementing and adhering to a well-designed Process Control Plan, companies can enhance their process efficiency, reduce defects, and ultimately deliver high-quality products to their customers. #### What is Plasticization? Plasticization of rubber refers to the process of adding plasticizers to natural or synthetic rubber to make it more flexible and pliable. Plasticizers are chemicals that can soften and increase the elasticity of rubber by disrupting the intermolecular forces between polymer chains. This allows the rubber to be molded, shaped, and stretched more easily, making it more versatile and useful in a wide range of applications. The plasticization process involves mixing the rubber with the plasticizer under specific conditions of temperature, pressure, and mixing time. The amount and type of plasticizer used can affect the physical and chemical properties of the rubber, such as its hardness, strength, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and abrasion. Plasticization can also affect the durability and lifespan of the rubber product, as well as its ability to withstand various environmental conditions. ### Pages #### About URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/about/ #### ADA Compliance URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/ada-compliance/ #### Bear Products URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/bear-products/ #### Calendering URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/calendering/ #### Case Studies  URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/case-studies/ #### Case Study: Custom Hydrophilic Rubber for Subterranean Sealing Applications URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/case-study-custom-hydrophilic-rubber-for-subterranean-sealing-applications/ #### Case Study: Optimizing NBR 90A Injection Molding for Oil & Fuel Seals URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/case-study-optimizing-nbr-90a-injection-molding-for-oil-fuel-seals/ #### Collaboration Process URL: 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https://www.goodyearrubber.com/easy2me_industrial_website_background_images_for_ocean_oil_line_9c428e31-51af-4a1f-bb37-8072fc44cc39/ #### easy2me_industrial_website_images_for_submarine_oil_seals_--ar__3dc0569e-be3f-48f6-a104-c84db5e80bd6 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/easy2me_industrial_website_images_for_submarine_oil_seals_-ar__3dc0569e-be3f-48f6-a104-c84db5e80bd6/ #### easy2me_rubber_compounding_--ar_32_--stylize_250_--v_6.1_2b000d13-f699-472d-9fc8-ee6588380cea URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/easy2me_rubber_compounding_-ar_32_-stylize_250_-v_6-1_2b000d13-f699-472d-9fc8-ee6588380cea/ #### easy2me_rubber_roll_coverings_--ar_32_--stylize_250_--v_6.1_77423d5f-4d45-4d8c-baa0-c29affcf9469 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/easy2me_rubber_roll_coverings_-ar_32_-stylize_250_-v_6-1_77423d5f-4d45-4d8c-baa0-c29affcf9469/ #### easy2me_rubber_roll_coverings_for_corrugated_box_machines_--ar__c104ea38-a92c-44ea-8769-03a34f091b4e URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/easy2me_rubber_roll_coverings_for_corrugated_box_machines_-ar__c104ea38-a92c-44ea-8769-03a34f091b4e/ #### Edwards-Deming-Quote-System URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/w-edwards-deming-quality-pioneer/edwards-deming-quote-system/ #### effect-of-crosslink-density-and-length URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/crosslink-length-the-distance-between-the-crosslinks-within-the-rubber-polymer-network/effect-of-crosslink-density-and-length/ #### Engine stator URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/mixing-services/engine-stator/ #### ethan - easy2me_industrial_website_medical_images_--ar_32_--stylize_250_2bb0c20d-eeb3-44a8-97aa-33b1afc9035c URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/ethan-easy2me_industrial_website_medical_images_-ar_32_-stylize_250_2bb0c20d-eeb3-44a8-97aa-33b1afc9035c/ #### everyone URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/everyone/ #### everyone URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/everyone-2/ #### experience URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/innovation-process/experience/ #### extrusion Solution URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/extrusion-solution/ #### extrusion-line-take-off URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/rubber-extrusion-line-takeoff-speed/extrusion-line-take-off/ #### extrusion-logo URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/extrusion-logo/ #### falling-rubber-prices URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/falling-rubber-prices/ #### fatigue-life-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/fatigue-life/fatigue-life-1/ #### fatigue-testing-smithers-644x350-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/fatigue-life/fatigue-testing-smithers-644x350-1/ #### favicon URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/favicon/ #### favicon-2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/favicon-2/ #### food-bev URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/food-bev/ #### food-bev URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/food-bev-2/ #### food-bev-img1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/food-and-beverage/food-bev-img1/ #### footwear URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/footwear/ #### footwear URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/footwear-2/ #### full-service URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/innovation-process/full-service/ #### Garvey-Die-Extrusion URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/garvey-die-extrusion-grading-system/garvey-die-extrusion/ #### get-started-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/custom-molding/get-started-hero/ #### Goodyear Hero Video-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/home/goodyear-hero-video-1/ #### Goodyear Rubber Company - Tecate ISO 9001_2015 Certificate 2024(r) URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-rubber-company-tecate-iso-9001_2015-certificate-2024r/ #### Goodyear Rubber Company - Tecate ISO 9001_2015 Certificate 2025(R) Tecate ISO 9001 2/2028 #### Goodyear Rubber Company of Southern California AS 9100D & ISO 9001 Certificate 2024(R) URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-rubber-company-of-southern-california-as-9100d-iso-9001-certificate-2024r/ #### Goodyear Rubber Company of Southern California AS 9100D & ISO 9001 Certificate 2024(R) URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/tools-resources/downloads/goodyear-rubber-company-of-southern-california-as-9100d-iso-9001-certificate-2024r-2/ #### Goodyear Rubber Company of Southern California ISO 9001_2015 Certificate 2024(R) URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-rubber-company-of-southern-california-iso-9001_2015-certificate-2024r/ #### Goodyear Team URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/about/facilities/goodyear-team/ #### Goodyear-GI URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-gi/ #### goodyear-home-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/home/goodyear-home-hero/ #### Goodyear-Logo URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-logo/ #### Goodyear-presentation URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-presentation/ #### Goodyear-Rubber-Building URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-rubber-building/ #### Goodyear-Rubber-logo-scaled URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-purchases-poly-seal-industries/goodyear-rubber-logo-scaled/ #### help-support URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/help-support/ #### hero-02 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/request-a-quote/hero-02/ #### hero-defense URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/defense/hero-defense/ #### hero-food URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/food-and-beverage/hero-food/ #### hero-quote URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/request-a-quote/hero-quote/ #### hero-sporting URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/specialty-footwear-sporting-goods/hero-sporting/ #### Holidays-Christmas URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/holidays-christmas/ #### hot-air-fluidized-bed-curing URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/hot-air-fluidized-bed-systems-for-curing-rubber-extrusions/hot-air-fluidized-bed-curing/ #### how-we-work URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/home/how-we-work/ #### HydrophillicRubberPart URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/case-study-custom-hydrophilic-rubber-for-subterranean-sealing-applications/hydrophillicrubberpart/ #### hysteresis URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/hysteresis-he-energy-loss-that-occurs-when-a-material-is-subjected-to-a-cyclic-stress-or-deformation/hysteresis/ #### Illustration-of-the-role-of-a-plasticizer-in-a-polymer-matrix URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/plasticization/illustration-of-the-role-of-a-plasticizer-in-a-polymer-matrix/ #### industrial-company URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/home/industrial-company/ #### industries-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries-we-serve/industries-hero/ #### industries-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/specialty-footwear-sporting-goods/industries-hero-2/ #### industries-img1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/food-and-beverage/industries-img1-2/ #### industries-img2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/specialty-footwear-sporting-goods/industries-img2/ #### infrastructure URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/infrastructure/ #### infrastructure URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/infrastructure-2/ #### infrastructure-img1-b URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/infrastructure/infrastructure-img1-b/ #### innovation URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/innovation-process/innovation/ #### innovation-process-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/innovation-process/innovation-process-hero/ #### inspection URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/inspection/ #### ISO-copy URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/iso-copy/ #### iStock_000005318572XLarge URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/about/facilities/istock_000005318572xlarge/ #### iStock_000012387335Large URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/about/facilities/istock_000012387335large/ #### iStock_000012387335Large URL: 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#### man URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/man/ #### Mask group URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/case-studies/mask-group/ #### mechanic URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/automotive/mechanic/ #### mining URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/mining/ #### mining URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/mining-2/ #### mining-img1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/mining/mining-img1/ #### mix-calender URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/mix-calender/ #### Mixing-Rubber URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/mixing-rubber/ #### mixing-services URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/mixing-service-offered/ #### mohawk-Fabric-Co URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/mohawk-fabric-co/ #### molding-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/molding-1/ #### molding-all URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/molding-all/ #### molding-plant-2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/molding-plant-2/ #### molecular-slippage 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https://www.goodyearrubber.com/rubber-shear-thinning-flow/newtonian-flow/ #### nitrile_polymer URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/nitrile_polymer/ #### nitrile_roll URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/nitrile_roll/ #### ø; ø; #### offshore energy-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/offshore-energy/offshore-energy-hero/ #### offshore energy-img1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/offshore-energy/offshore-energy-img1/ #### offshore-energy URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/offshore-energy/ #### offshore-energy URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/offshore-energy/offshore-energy-3/ #### offshore-energy URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/offshore-energy-2/ #### oil-cta URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/oil-cta/ #### oil-gas URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/oil-gas/ #### oil-gas URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/oil-gas-2/ #### oil-gas-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/oil-gas-hero/ #### oil-portal-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/oil-portal-1/ #### oil-portal-2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/oil-portal-2/ #### oil-portal-3 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/oil-portal-3/ #### oil-worker URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/oil-worker/ #### over-molding URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/over-molding/ #### parts5 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/parts5/ #### parts5 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/parts5-2/ #### perfomance-additives URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/perfomance-additives/ #### perfomance-additives-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/perfomance-additives-1/ #### perfomance-additives-2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/perfomance-additives-2/ #### Physical-explanations-of-the-Mullins-effect URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/the-mullins-effect/physical-explanations-of-the-mullins-effect/ #### Physical-property-and-Cross-link-density-Relationship-of-Rubber URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/crosslink-length-the-distance-between-the-crosslinks-within-the-rubber-polymer-network/physical-property-and-cross-link-density-relationship-of-rubber/ #### Plant-1024x574 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/plant-1024x574/ #### plasticizer URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/plasticization/plasticizer/ #### plasticizer2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/plasticization/plasticizer2/ #### Plasticizers URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/plasticizers/plasticizers-2/ #### plasticizing-effect URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/what-is-plasticization/plasticizing-effect/ #### pngtree-happy-easter-with-colorfull-decoration-and-egg-png-image_227960 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/feliz-pascua/pngtree-happy-easter-with-colorfull-decoration-and-egg-png-image_227960/ #### Poly-Seal-Logo URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/goodyear-purchases-poly-seal-industries/poly-seal-logo/ #### precision-engineering URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/custom-molding/precision-engineering/ #### pressure washing a sidewalk URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/stator-tubes/pressure-washing-a-sidewalk/ #### Printing machine URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/roll-covering/printing-machine-3/ #### Printing machine URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/about/facilities/printing-machine/ #### Printing machine URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/about/facilities/printing-machine-2/ #### process-control-plan-example-400x291-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/what-is-a-process-control-plan/process-control-plan-example-400x291-1/ #### Processing-Aids URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/processing-aids/processing-aids-2/ #### Processing-Aids-1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/processing-aids/processing-aids-1/ #### Products URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/products/ #### ps-rubber-extruder URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/ps-rubber-extruder/ #### quality-reliability URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/home/quality-reliability/ #### quote-extrusion URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/quote-extrusion/ #### quote-molding URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/quote-molding/ #### raw-rubber URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/raw-rubber/ #### Raytheon_id_8Ygf67r_0 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/raytheon_id_8ygf67r_0/ #### Raytheon_id_8Ygf67r_1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/raytheon_id_8ygf67r_1/ #### recycling-rubber URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/recycling-rubber-2/ #### Reshoring_Manufacturing URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/near-shoring-why-leading-oems-are-moving-rubber-manufacturing-closer-to-home/reshoring_manufacturing/ #### roll URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/roll/ #### roll 2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/roll-covering/roll-2/ #### roll covering URL: 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#### rubber-mixing URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/rubber-mixing/ #### rubber-tire URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/rubber-tire/ #### rubber-to-metal-bonded-caster1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/rubber-to-metal-bonded-caster1/ #### SAMSUNG CAMERA PICTURES URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/samsung-camera-pictures/ #### SAMSUNG CAMERA PICTURES URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/samsung-camera-pictures-2/ #### seal-technology URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/seal-technology/ #### shear-thinning-flow URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/rubber-shear-thinning-flow/shear-thinning-flow/ #### shipping URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/shipping/ #### silicone URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/silicone/ #### silicone-market URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/silicone-market/ #### slurry-slurp URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/slurry-slurp-solution/ #### SOLAR_1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/solar_1/ #### SOLAR_2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/solar_2/ #### SOLAR_PANEL_INSTALL URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/solar_panel_install/ #### SOLAR_ROOF URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/solar_roof/ #### solutions URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/how-we-work/innovation-process/solutions/ #### sporting-img1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/specialty-footwear-sporting-goods/sporting-img1/ #### stator-tubes URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/stator-tubes-solution/ #### stay-updated URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/stay-updated/ #### steel URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/steel-manufacturing/steel-3/ #### steel URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/steel/ #### steel URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/steel-2/ #### steel-hero URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/steel-manufacturing/steel-hero/ #### steel-img1 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/steel-manufacturing/steel-img1/ #### stern-and-stern URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/stern-and-stern/ #### stress-relaxation URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/stress-relaxation/stress-relaxation-2/ #### Supply Chain URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/supply-chains-are-conversations-not-just-transactions/supply-chain/ #### SupplyChainFlow URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/supply-chains-are-conversations-not-just-transactions/supplychainflow/ #### Surface-Treatment URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/steam-resistant-silicone-long-chain-functional-polymer-surface-treatments/surface-treatment/ #### Surface-Treatment-2 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/steam-resistant-silicone-long-chain-functional-polymer-surface-treatments/surface-treatment-2/ #### tailored-solutions URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/core-solutions/custom-molding/tailored-solutions/ #### Thanksgiving URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/thanksgiving/ #### The Boeing Company_idGXFOBYJA_0 URL: 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https://www.goodyearrubber.com/watson-marlow-fluid-technology-solutions_idbozqybem_1/ #### window-1800575_1920 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/window-1800575_1920/ #### worker-3 URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/worker-3/ ### Industries #### Aerospace URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/aerospace/ #### Automotive URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/automotive/ #### Biopharmaceutical  URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/biopharmaceutical/ #### Defense URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/defense/ #### Food and Beverage URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/food-and-beverage/ #### Infrastructure URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/infrastructure/ #### Mining URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/mining/ #### Offshore Energy URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/offshore-energy/ #### Oil and Gas URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/oil-and-gas/ #### Specialty Footwear / 
Sporting Goods URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/specialty-footwear-sporting-goods/ #### Steel Manufacturing URL: https://www.goodyearrubber.com/industries/steel-manufacturing/